Precursor solution chemistry via water additive enabling CZTSSe solar cells with over 12% efficiency

High-quality absorber films are imperative for highly efficient Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) thin-film solar cells. Precursor solution chemistry, interconnected with nucleation and the crystal growth process, should be studied insightfully. Thus, creative rationales strategies could proposed to improve quality, carrier characteristics, hence device performance. However, research on precursor chemistry in CZTSSe cells is still its infancy. In this study, a facile eco-friendly additive strategy reported tailor 2-methoxyethanol-based CZTS chemistry. Incorporating water additives improves homogeneity thermogravimetric characteristics of by adjusting particle sizes coordination behavior inside solution. After tailoring absorbers high quality fabricated. Hence, benefiting from dynamics enhancement, certified power conversion efficiency 12.07% achieved. The results open an avenue regulation through use design kesterite